Christmas is still to come for the Eastern Orthodox community, who will be celebrating on January 7 When do Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas and why? Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on January 7 - which this year fell on a Sunday. The celebrations tend to begin at midnight on Christmas Eve, by which we mean January 6. It's all down to a difference in calendars. In the West we use the Catholic-created Gregorian calendar, which was introduced by Pope Gregory in 1582. But, in much of the Soviet bloc and Middle East, they still use the Julian calendar - which was created by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. Germany didn't accept the Gregorian calendar until 1775, and Bulgaria followed suit in 1917. There's a 13-day gap between the two calendars, meaning Christmas Day falls on what we now know as January 7. Nowadays, most Orthodox countries follow the Georgian calendar, but still observe religious holidays on the Julian dates. The Orthodox Epiphany, for example, is on January 19 - instead of the 6th. It's all because they still follow the Julian calendar, which is 13 days behind our Gregorian one Which countries celebrate Christmas on January 7? Nowadays, more than a third (39 per cent) of the world's Christians live in Russia - and around 85 per cent of them choose to celebrate Christmas in January. Some Orthodox countries - including Greece, Cyprus and Romania - adopted a revised Julian calendar in 1923, and now celebrate with us on December 25. Those that celebrate in January include Russia, Ukraine, Israel, Egypt and Bulgaria. Serbia, Belarus, Montenegro, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Georgia and Moldova also all stick to the traditional Orthodox date. ©News Group Newspapers Limited in England No. The presidents of Russia and Egypt joined worshippers at Orthodox Christmas Mass. 679215 Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF. 'The Sun', 'Sun', 'Sun Online' are registered trademarks or trade names of News Group Newspapers Limited. This service is provided on News Group Newspapers' Limited's in accordance with our. To inquire about a licence to reproduce material, visit our site. View our online Press Pack. For other inquiries,. ![]() To see all content on The Sun, please use the Site Map. The Sun website is regulated by the Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. For further details of our complaints policy and to make a complaint please click. Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, the spiritual leader of Orthodox Christians around the world and the archbishop of Constantinople, led the liturgy on Saturday at the Patriarchal Church of St. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Jesus' baptism on Epiphany. Several blessings of the waters took place across Istanbul. The ceremony consists of a cross being tossed into the water to be retrieved by swimmers. The patriarch threw the blessed cross into the waters of Istanbul's Golden Horn as the faithful jumped into the sea. Nikos Solis, 29, a personal trainer from Greece, retrieved the wooden cross three years in a row. Bartholomew presented Solis with a golden crucifix on a chain. ___ 11:50 a.m. Pope Francis is advising against making the pursuit of money, a career or success the basis for one's whole life. Francis said during a homily on Saturday to mark Epiphany that people 'often make do' with having 'health, a little money and a bit of entertainment.' He urged helping the poor and other needy communities instead, while giving freely without expecting anything in return. Most Christian religions observe Epiphany to recall the three wise men who followed a star to find baby Jesus. Francis suggested asking 'what star we have chosen to follow in our lives.' He said: 'Some stars may be bright, but do not point the way. So it is with success, money, career, honors and pleasures when these become our lives.' That path, he says, won't ensure peace and joy. Pope Francis advised against making the pursuit of money, a career or success the basis for one's whole life, urging people in his Epiphany remarks Saturday to also resist 'the inclinations toward arrogance, the thirst for power and for riches.' Francis said during a homily at Mass in St. Peter's Basilica that people 'often make do' with having 'health, a little money and a bit of entertainment.' He urged helping the poor and others in need of assistance, giving freely without expecting anything in return. Many Christians observe Epiphany to recall the three wise men who followed a star to find baby Jesus. Francis suggested asking 'what star we have chosen to follow in our lives.' 'Some stars may be bright, but do not point the way. So it is with success, money, career, honors and pleasures when these become our lives,' the pope said. That path, he continued, won't ensure peace and joy. Later, during an appearance from his studio window overlooking St. Peter's Square, Francis told tens of thousands of faithful gathered below that some Christians prefer to live while indifferent to Jesus. 'Instead of conducting themselves in coherence with their own Christian faith, they follow the principles of the world, which lead to satisfying the inclinations toward arrogance, the thirst for power and for riches,' Francis said. He prayed that instead that 'the world makes progress down the path of justice and of peace.' Francis noted that some Eastern Rite Catholic and Orthodox churches are celebrating Christmas this weekend. In expressing cordial wishes to these believers, Francis added, 'May this glorious celebration be a source of new spiritual vigor and of communion among us Christians.' He also recalled the traditions such as in Poland, where many families join in processions recalling the three wise men. In some countries, Epiphany and not Christmas, is the holiday occasion to exchange gifts among loved ones.
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![]() Definition of cherish. Transitive verb. 1 a: to hold dear: feel or show affection for. Syn:,, imply the giving of affection, care, or shelter. Suggests regarding or treating something or someone as an object of affection or value: to cherish a friendship. Implies sustaining and nourishing something with care, esp. In order to promote, increase, or strengthen it: to foster a hope. Suggests sheltering someone or entertaining something undesirable: to harbor a criminal; to harbor a grudge. Directed by Cess Silvera the direct-to-video, Belly 2: Millionaire Boyz Club, is based on a true story of a thug in Los Angeles that is faced with a bold, new world when he gets out. Belly 2: Millionaire Boyz Club, can be riveting, repulsive and enlightening. Set in East Compton, the movie begins as thug 'G' strolls out of prison promising himself he will never see the gray inside walls again as he is tired of being behind bars and caged. G is only on the streets -- free for a few long days when he realizes it doesn't take the mean streets long to find him and reel him in once more time. Meeting Alexis, played by Shari Headley, G finds that he and his girlfriend are both hiding secret lives. ![]() Alexis is kidnapped and taken to Costa while Coleman calls G to let him know of his girlfriend's fate. G, gathering his men, heads to Costa's garage where a gun battle breaks out. Dodging bullets fired with machine guns and hand guns, G's men -- along with G -- fight for their life. The finish of the ferocious gunfight finds G staring at the dead bodies of his boyz. Taking careful aim, he shoots notorious drug lord, Tito Costa, before finding out the truth about his girlfriend Alexis in the movie's captivating and climatic finish. The movie ends with a twist that is totally unexpected and completely unpredictable and left test audiences asking for more. The 77 minute movie, written by K. Snyder and produced by Rick James was distributed by Blackout Productions. The music features outstanding, original tunes by R&B stars Jesse Powell, and Sherod Lindsey along with The Co-Stars and is widely available whereever music tracks are sold. Running time 74 minutes Country United States Language English Belly 2: Millionaire Boyz Club is a 2006 direct-to-video film starring and, directed by Cess Silvera. Despite being a sequel to the 1998 film, it has no connection to the first film. Born into a life of crime, G has just spent 8 years in the pen. Now out on the streets he's back to his old ways wondering if a con can ever really straighten out. Plot [ ] This movie was inspired by a true story, following the life of a thug being released from prison after an 8 year prison sentence. In the beginning of the movie 'G,' who is played by, leaves prison determined to not be locked up again. It doesn't take long for the streets to pull G in again, and he meets a lady named Alexis (). However, both are hiding their secret lives (G being a hustler, Alexis being an undercover cop), who discusses 150 kilos of cocaine that G and Tone stole, which belonged to drug lord Tito Costa. Coleman kidnaps Alexis and takes her to Costa. Coleman calls G to let him know his girlfriend has been kidnapped. G then gathers up his men and heads to Costa's garage, where a gun battle ensues. After the fight is over, all of G's and Tito's men are dead or injured. G's right hand man kill Tito,Coleman shoot G's right hand man, G kill Coleman and then finds out that Alexis is an undercover cop. He then kills her. G walk off and want to start a new life in a good path and G's men who survived also want to start a new life too after they come out of the hospital. Cast [ ] • as Reggie 'G' Bailey • as Alexis • as Tone • as Coleman • as Amp • as Rock 'G's Left Hand Man' Music [ ] This film also featured original music by R&B stars Jesse Powell, and Sherod Lindsey This article about a biographical film is a. You can help Wikipedia. Kazuyoshi Kumakiri's film peruses the downhill slide of ordinary lives in a northern industrial town in recession. The seaside city of Kaitan is not a happy place – the shipyard is downsizing due to poor economic conditions, and the city's residents are about to face another harsh northern winter. Sketches of Kaitan City offers five of the many stories concurrently happening in this city - A shipyard worker (Takehara Pistol) who has lost his. Sketches of Kaitan City A shipyard city reps a compelling port of call for the full range of human experience in this sprawling meller. Buy Sketches Of Kaitan City: Read Movies & TV Reviews - Amazon.com. Watch Sketches of Kaitan City online free. The seaside city of Kaitan is not a happy place – the shipyard is downsizing due to poor economic conditions, and the. Contents • • • • • Cast [ ] • as Honami Ikawa • Pistol Takehara as Futa Ikawa • as Haruo Meguro • Masaki Miura as Hiroshi Hagiya • Takashi Yamanaka as Makoto Kudou • as Ryuzo Hika • as Haruyo Hika Release [ ] The film had its world premiere at the in 2010. It was released in Japan on 18 December 2010. Reception [ ] Dustin Chang of felt that the film 'resembles strongly of the neo-neo realism of the ' films but without their sense of hope'. ![]() Meanwhile, Maggie Lee of noted Kazuyoshi Kumakiri's 'low key but tender depictions of working class people and subtle assimilation of socio-economical realities, redolent of the works of and 's '. References [ ]. In the city of Kaitan, during the frost of another cold winter, the local shipyard is downsized and layoffs abound. Futa (Pistol Takehara) lives with his younger sister Honami (Mitsuki Tanimura). Futa loses his job at the shipyard and, feeling uneasy about their situation, goes with his sister Honami to see the sunrise on a nearby mountainside for In the city of Kaitan, during the frost of another cold winter, the local shipyard is downsized and layoffs abound. Futa (Pistol Takehara) lives with his younger sister Honami (Mitsuki Tanimura). Futa loses his job at the shipyard and, feeling uneasy about their situation, goes with his sister Honami to see the sunrise on a nearby mountainside for New Year's Day. Makoto (Takashi Yamanaka), a new city hall employee, visits the sole remaining house in a redevelopment area. The home belongs to a 70-year-old grandmother Toki (Aki Nakazato) who lives with her cat and a few livestock animals in her backyard. Toki refuses to vacate the land and Makoto tries to emphasize that she will be forcibly evicted otherwise. 49-year-old Ryuzo (Kaoru Kobayashi) works in a small planetarium, while his relationship with his wife Haruyo (Haruyo Hika) and teenage son has deteriorated. Haruyo has found her release in her work as a hostess for a shady hostess bar. Haruo (Ryo Kase), who has now taken over operations of his father's gas company, worries about the state of his business. Furthermore, Haruo has a strained relationship with his volatile wife. Meanwhile, his wife takes out her anger on their son Akira. One day, street car driver Taichiro (Shigeki Nishibori) spots his son Hiroshi (Masaki Miura) walking in downtown Kaitan. Hiroshi lives & works in Tokyo, but has come back to Kaitan for business. Even though it's the holiday season, he doesn't talk to his father. Expectations for any martial arts action film are usually the same: be entertained by lots of great ass kicking. Johnny Nguyen’s martial arts expertise doesn’t disappoint in, but the film fortunately goes deeper than just the great fight scenes which places it in an elite category of martial arts action films. Plays Trinh/Phoenix and creates a beautiful, brutal, yet warm and caring lead character that is the centerpiece of the film. When she fights it is masterful, and when she breaks down over those she loves it is touching. ![]() Being able to believe in her diversity of actions and emotions shows her mastery of the character. Wrote the story and has created a role for himself, Quan/Tiger, which not only has him taking a back seat to Trinh, but has created a complex character who has secrets, who has emotions beyond being pissed off, and of course who can grace the scene with his amazing fight sequences. As the dutiful right hand man of Trinh he follows orders, yet does so with a protective eye at every turn. It is obvious as the film progresses that Tiger is developing feelings for Phoenix and at the moment they are finally alone and safe from the chaotic world outside he expresses how he feels by saying, “I don’t wanna call you Phoenix anymore, I want to call you by your real name.” A subtle way of expressing his feelings that is easily understood by Trinh who made it clear that Rule #1 is never use your real name so you remain an anonymous person. Their moment doesn’t degrade into a cheesy roll in the hay but becomes a conversation about the complexity of their lives while acknowledging the mutual feelings and finally the love scene (aka “roll in the hay”). A beautifully conceived scene. The team behind the hit 2007 Vietnamese action film THE REBEL reunites in this blistering action spectacular. Trinh (Thanh Van Ngo) is a deadly mercenary held in indentured servitude by an organized crime boss, who forces her to complete a series of increasingly impossible jobs in order to win the release of her kidnapped daughter. As the stakes rise, and she faces her final task, she puts together a team of Vietnam's top mercenaries to help her, including Quan (Johnny Tri Nguyen). The sparks soon fly between Trinh and Quan, but threaten to ignite as it slowly becomes evident that Trinh and Quan may not be playing on the same side. Read * CLASH (BAY RONG) synopsis, storyline and movie plot summary on Fandango. Structured and filmed like an ultra-violent, candy-coated video game, what SCOTT PILGRIM was to the goofy 8-bit video games you played in the 1980s, CLASH is to the hardcore action games you're playing today. Apr 16, 2013. An urban legend that says that anyone who chants the words Bloody Mary three times in front of a mirror will summon a vengeful spirit. This spirit has been reported to do a variety of things to the person who summons her, including killing the person, scratching their eyes out, driving them mad. You've probably grown out of that school fear now, right? Well, I hate to break it to you, but Bloody Mary is based on real life historical fact. • Read on to discover the origins of Bloody Mary. ![]() • • • Mary Tudor was the sister of Queen Elizabeth I of England, the two daughters of Henry VIII. It was a turbulent time in Britain, with Catholics and Protestants violently opposed to each other. Mary was a Catholic, and had so many Protestants put to death through vicious means such as burning at the stake that she earned the nickname 'Bloody Mary.' You may have heard a variation in the Bloody Mary story: instead of just saying her name, you'd taunt her in the mirror, saying: 'I stole your baby Bloody Mary.' ' ICredit: Melanneart/DeviantArt As Queen, there was great pressure on Mary to produce an heir. However, she had a hard time conceiving - often a problem with the inbred bloodline of ancient royals - until she had what is now known as an ectopic pregnancy: a ghost baby. Mary exhibited signs of pregnancy but bore no child. Her throne was given to her sister, Elizabeth, who put her to death. The Bloody Mary ritual and urban legend has been around for decades, but what's behind it? Continue reading →. Oct 27, 2005 Will chanting 'Bloody Mary' 13 times in front of a darkened mirror summon a vengeful ghost? Oct 03, 2007 MK4 Productions Presents 'THE LEGEND OF BLOODY MARY', Paul Preiss, Stephen Macht, Caitlan Wachs, Dean O'Gorman, Rachael Taylor, Brittany Miller, Nicole. Bloody Mary is a folklore legend consisting of a ghost, phantom, or spirit conjured to reveal the future. She is said to appear in a mirror when her name is called. Horror movies tend to shy away from the 'Mary Tudor was Bloody Mary' explanation, relying as it would on period costume and a British setting! For example, Urban Legend 3: Bloody Mary is about a prank gone wrong when 'Mary' accidentally dies. He's the definition of. He defines the word friend, too. He'll always be there for you. He defines working, someone who go the distance for the one he loves even if he has to take baby steps first. Mark is someone who is handsome, but defines beauty not in what he says or does, but in what he is. He is someone who will never give up on he wants, even if it's so far out of reach. He defines, someone who will your heart and cause you to fall in love every you see him smile, every time he says your name. Mark is someone who'll stand by your side, and will be there when the smoke clears. He defines the words thoughtful, sweetheart, caring, &romantic. The MarkHigh-rise, located on at Houston TX can be found using Highrise Finder. Detailed information includes real estate profile, nearby schools, current listings. Experience The Mark Fairfield County Apartments for rent in Shelton CT-brand new modern luxury oasis community. Apply now and get ready to make your Mark! ![]() Someone who'll make you laugh until you cry with all his antics. He is someone you can be yourself around, even when you barely know who you are. Mark will most likely be the reason you're living, the one who pulled you out of the water before your goes under. Someone who will sit and hold you because you're afraid of thunder. Mark is the definition of perfect; 'Having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as as it is possible to be' Even he won't say he agrees. Everyone knows that it's true. A person identified as an easy target, or 'sucker'. A mark is always the short end of a joke or scam, and is never let in on whats going on. A mark is usually being cheated out of. It's origin is from old English traveling carnivals from the late 1800s to early 1900s, where workers would refer to paying to see thier made up shows and games a 'mark'. Not from gangsters like most people think. Mark is also the origin 'smark' or 'smart mark' which is a person who know's he/she is being scamed. The most, erotic, flirtatious, hot stuff, bootylicious 4 letter word you'll ever see. If you spell it backwards, you get kram which according to urban dictionary means smoking weed//; how cool is that! I know you're impressed. If you take the mark out of supermarket, all you're left with is superet and that's cause why would you go out to the superet, it makes no sense. Mark means warlike, especially in bed if ya know what i mean. Its definitely the coolest word/name ever cause if you spell it frontwards and backwards, its different!!! Mark is myterious and unpredictable. Always expect the unexpected. He likes to hide his emotions. The best person to fall in love with. Hes done some crazy shit in his. Hes had many near experiences because of his choices. If he loves you, you'll know it. But good luck trying to get his attention if he doesnt. Especially if you're a dirty whore. And if he already loves someone else, quit. Hes exciting and a thrill to have in your life. He's willing to try anything, living life fast. Its possible that Mark has suffered from and has wanted to commit suicide at one point in his life. Hes spiritual and always in deep thought. Sometimes he'll be an. But thats just him. He's person overall and everyone wants to fall in love with a Mark. Oh yeah, hes also the best in bed and his name is derived from a god. I guess his name means 'walking god'. I love Mark.. Apache portraits Total population 111,810 alone and in combination Regions with significant populations,,,,,, including northern,, and Languages,,,,,, and Religion,, traditional tribal religion Related ethnic groups,, The Apache (; French: ) are a group of culturally related in the Southwestern United States, which include the,,,,, and. There are also Apache communities in,, and on in and. ![]() APACHE helps parents excel in home educating their children from a Christian perspective. Apache Arrow is a cross-language development platform for in-memory data. It specifies a standardized language-independent columnar memory format for flat and hierarchical data, organized for efficient analytic operations on modern hardware. It also provides computational libraries and zero-copy streaming messaging. Apache people have moved throughout the United States and elsewhere, including urban centers. The Apache Nations are politically autonomous, speak several different languages and have distinct cultures. Historically, the Apache homelands have consisted of high mountains, sheltered and watered valleys, deep canyons, deserts, and the southern, including areas in what is now Eastern Arizona, Northern ( and ), New Mexico, West Texas, and Southern. These areas are collectively known as. The Apache tribes fought the invading and Mexican peoples for centuries. The first Apache raids on appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. In 19th-century confrontations during the American-Indian wars, the found the Apache to be fierce and skillful strategists. The, 1540–1542 In April 1541, while traveling on the plains east of the region, referred to the people 'dog.' He wrote: After seventeen days of travel, I came upon a 'rancheria' of the Indians who follow these cattle (bison). These natives are called Querechos. They do not cultivate the land, but eat raw meat and drink the blood of the cattle they kill. They dress in the skins of the cattle, with which all the people in this land clothe themselves, and they have very well-constructed tents, made with tanned and greased cowhides, in which they live and which they take along as they follow the cattle. They have dogs which they load to carry their tents, poles, and belongings. The Spanish described Plains as very white, with black spots, and 'not much larger than.' Plains dogs were slightly smaller than those used for hauling loads by modern Inuit and northern First Nations people in Canada. Recent experiments show these dogs may have pulled loads up to 50 (20 kg) on long trips, at rates as high as two or three miles per hour (3 to 5 km/h). The Plains migration theory associates the Apache peoples with the, an known primarily from ceramics and house remains, dated 1675–1725, which has been excavated in, eastern Colorado, and western. [ ] Although the first documentary sources mention the Apache, and historians have suggested some passages indicate a 16th-century entry from the north, archaeological data indicate they were present on the plains long before this first reported contact. [ ] A competing theory [ ] posits their migration south, through the, ultimately reaching the American Southwest by the 14th century or perhaps earlier. An archaeological material culture assemblage identified in this mountainous zone as ancestral Apache has been referred to as the 'Cerro Rojo complex'. This theory does not preclude arrival via a plains route as well, perhaps concurrently, but to date the earliest evidence has been found in the mountainous Southwest. [ ] The Plains Apache have a significant Southern Plains cultural influence. When the Spanish arrived in the area, trade between the long established Pueblo peoples and the Southern Athabaskan was well established. They reported the Pueblo exchanged and woven goods for bison meat, and hides and materials for stone tools. Coronado observed the Plains people wintering near the Pueblo in established camps. Later Spanish sovereignty over the area disrupted trade between the Pueblo and the diverging Apache and Navajo groups. The Apache quickly acquired horses, improving their mobility for quick raids on settlements. In addition, the Pueblo were forced to work Spanish mission lands and care for mission flocks; they had fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors. In 1540, Coronado reported that the modern Western Apache area was uninhabited, although some scholars have argued that he simply did not see the American Indians. Other Spanish explorers first mention 'Querechos' living west of the Rio Grande in the 1580s. To some historians, this implies the Apaches moved into their current Southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Other historians note that Coronado reported that Pueblo women and children had often been evacuated by the time his party attacked their dwellings, and that he saw some dwellings had been recently abandoned as he moved up the Rio Grande. This might indicate the semi-nomadic Southern Athabaskan had advance warning about his hostile approach and evaded encounter with the Spanish. Archaeologists are finding ample evidence of an early proto-Apache presence in the Southwestern mountain zone in the 15th century and perhaps earlier. The Apache presence on both the Plains and in the mountainous Southwest indicate that the people took multiple early migration routes. [ ] Conflict with Mexico and the United States [ ]. When the in 1846, many Apache bands promised U.S. Soldiers safe passage through their lands. When the U.S. Claimed former territories of Mexico in 1846, Mangas Coloradas signed a peace treaty with the nation, respecting them as conquerors of the Mexicans' land. An uneasy peace between the Apache and the new citizens of the United States held until the 1850s. An influx of gold miners into the led to conflict with the Apache. This period is sometimes called the. United States' concept of a had not been used by the Spanish, Mexicans or other Apache neighbors before. Reservations were often badly managed, and bands that had no kinship relationships were forced to live together. No fences existed to keep people in or out. It was not uncommon for a band to be given permission to leave for a short period of time. Other times a band would leave without permission, to raid, return to their homeland to forage, or to simply get away. The military usually had forts nearby. Their job was keeping the various bands on the reservations by finding and returning those who left. The reservation policies of the United States produced conflict and war with the various Apache bands who left the reservations for almost another quarter century. Warfare between the Apache peoples and Euro-Americans has led to a stereotypical focus on certain aspects of Apache cultures. These have often been distorted through misunderstanding of their cultures, as noted by: Of the hundreds of peoples that lived and flourished in native North America, few have been so consistently misrepresented as the Apacheans of Arizona and New Mexico. Glorified by novelists, sensationalized by historians, and distorted beyond credulity by commercial film makers, the popular image of 'the Apache' — a brutish, terrifying semi-human bent upon wanton death and destruction — is almost entirely a product of irresponsible caricature and exaggeration. Indeed, there can be little doubt that the Apache has been transformed from a native American into an American legend, the fanciful and fallacious creation of a non-Indian citizenry whose inability to recognize the massive treachery of ethnic and cultural stereotypes has been matched only by its willingness to sustain and inflate them. Forced removal [ ] In 1875, United States military forced the removal of an estimated 1500 Yavapai and (better known as Tonto Apache) from the Rio Verde Indian Reserve and its several thousand acres of treaty lands promised to them by the United States government. At the orders of the Indian Commissioner, L.E. Army troops made the people, young and old, walk through winter-flooded rivers, mountain passes and narrow canyon trails to get to the Indian Agency at San Carlos, 180 miles (290 km) away. The trek resulted in the loss of several hundred lives. The people were held there in internment for 25 years while white settlers took over their land. Only a few hundred ever returned to their lands. Defeat [ ] Most United States' histories of this era report that the final defeat of an Apache band took place when 5,000 US troops forced 's group of 30 to 50 men, women and children to surrender on September 4, 1886, at,. The Army sent this band and the Chiricahua scouts who had tracked them to military confinement in at and, subsequently,, Oklahoma. Many books were written on the stories of hunting and trapping during the late 19th century. Many of these stories involve Apache raids and the failure of agreements with Americans and Mexicans. In the post-war era, the US government arranged for Apache children to be taken from their families for adoption by in assimilation programs. These were similar in nature to those involving the of Australia. Pre-reservation culture [ ] Social organization [ ]. Apache bride All Apache peoples lived in extended family units (or family clusters); they usually lived close together, with each nuclear family in separate dwellings. An extended family generally consisted of a husband and wife, their unmarried children, their married daughters, their married daughters' husbands, and their married daughters' children. Thus, the extended family is connected through a lineage of women who live together (that is, matrilocal residence), into which men may enter upon marriage (leaving behind his parents' family). When a daughter was married, a new dwelling was built nearby for her and her husband. Among the Navajo, residence rights are ultimately derived from a head mother. Although the Western Apache usually practiced matrilocal residence, sometimes the eldest son chose to bring his wife to live with his parents after marriage. All tribes practiced and marriages. Apache Indian girl carrying an (a water basket) on her head, ca.1900 Apache men practiced varying degrees of 'avoidance' of his wife's close relatives, a practice often most strictly observed by distance between mother-in-law and son-in-law. The degree of avoidance differed in different Apache groups. The most elaborate system was among the Chiricahua, where men had to use indirect polite speech toward and were not allowed to be within visual sight of the wife's female relatives, whom he had to avoid. His female Chiricahua relatives through marriage also avoided him. Several extended families worked together as a 'local group', which carried out certain ceremonies, and economic and military activities. Political control was mostly present at the local group level. Local groups were headed by a, a male who had considerable influence over others in the group due to his effectiveness and reputation. The chief was the closest societal role to a leader in Apache cultures. The office was not, and the position was often filled by members of different extended families. The chief's leadership was only as strong as he was evaluated to be—no group member was ever obliged to follow the chief. The Western Apache criteria for evaluating a good chief included: industriousness, generosity, impartiality, forbearance, conscientiousness, and eloquence in language. Many Apache peoples joined together several local groups into '. Band organization was strongest among the Chiricahua and Western Apache, while among the Lipan and Mescalero, it was weak. The Navajo did not organize local groups into bands, perhaps because of the requirements of the economy. However, the Navajo did have 'the outfit', a group of relatives that was larger than the extended family, but not as large as a local group community or a band. On the larger level, the Western Apache organized bands into what called 'groups'. He reported five groups for the Western Apache: Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, Cibecue, San Carlos, and White Mountain. The Jicarilla grouped their bands into ', perhaps influenced by the example of the northeastern. The Western Apache and Navajo also had a system of ' that were organized further into (perhaps influenced by the western Pueblo). The notion of ' in Apache cultures is very weakly developed; essentially it was only a recognition 'that one owed a modicum of hospitality to those of the same speech, dress, and customs.' The six Apache tribes had political independence from each other and even fought against each other. For example, the Lipan once fought against the Mescalero. Kinship systems [ ] The Apache tribes have two distinctly different systems: a Chiricahua type and a Jicarilla type. The Chiricahua-type system is used by the Chiricahua, Mescalero, and Western Apache. The Western Apache system differs slightly from the other two systems, and it has some similarities to the Navajo system. The Jicarilla type, which is similar to the –, is used by the Jicarilla, Navajo, Lipan, and Plains Apache. The Navajo system is more divergent among the four, having similarities with the Chiricahua-type system. The Lipan and Plains Apache systems are very similar. Chiricahua [ ]. Frame of Apache All people in the Apache tribe lived in one of three types of houses. The first of which is the, for those who lived in the plains. Another type of housing is the, an 8-foot-tall (2.4 m) frame of wood held together with yucca fibers and covered in brush usually in the Apache groups in the highlands. If a family member lived in a wickiup and they died, the wickiup would be burned. The final housing is the, an earthen structure in the desert area that was good for cool keeping in the hot weather of northern Mexico. Below is a description of Chiricahua wickiups recorded by anthropologist Morris Opler: 'The home in which the family lives is made by the women and is ordinarily a circular, dome-shaped brush dwelling, with the floor at ground level. It is seven feet high at the center and approximately eight feet in diameter. To build it, long fresh poles of oak or willow are driven into the ground or placed in holes made with a digging stick. These poles, which form the framework, are arranged at one-foot intervals and are bound together at the top with yucca-leaf strands. Over them a thatching of bundles of or is tied, shingle style, with yucca strings. A smoke hole opens above a central fireplace. A hide, suspended at the entrance, is fixed on a cross-beam so that it may be swung forward or backward. The doorway may face in any direction. For waterproofing, pieces of hide are thrown over the outer hatching, and in rainy weather, if a fire is not needed, even the smoke hole is covered. In warm, dry weather much of the outer roofing is stripped off. It takes approximately three days to erect a sturdy dwelling of this type. These houses are ‘warm and comfortable, even though there is a big snow.’ The interior is lined with brush and grass beds over which robes are spread. Chiricahua medicine man in wickiup with family 'The woman not only makes the furnishings of the home but is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and repair of the dwelling itself and for the arrangement of everything in it. She provides the grass and brush beds and replaces them when they become too old and dry. However, formerly ‘they had no permanent homes, so they didn't bother with cleaning.’ The dome-shaped dwelling or wickiup, the usual home type for all the Chiricahua bands, has already been described. Said a Central Chiricahua informant. Both the teepee and the oval-shaped house were used when I was a boy. The oval hut was covered with hide and was the best house. The more well-to-do had this kind. The tepee type was just made of brush. It had a place for a fire in the center. It was just thrown together. Both types were common even before my time. 'A house form that departs from the more common dome-shaped variety is recorded for the Southern Chiricahua as well.When we settled down, we used the wickiup; when we were moving around a great deal, we used this other kind.' Recent research has documented the archaeological remains of Chiricahua Apache wickiups as found on protohistoric and at historical sites, such as Canon de los Embudos where C.S. Fly photographed Geronimo, his people, and dwellings during surrender negotiations in 1886, demonstrating their unobtrusive and improvised nature.' Various Apache containers: baskets, bowls and jars. The women-made baskets could hold heavy loads and were made mainly from or leaves or bark. Apache people obtained food from four main sources: • hunting wild animals, • gathering wild plants, • growing domesticated plants • trading with or raiding neighboring tribes for livestock and agricultural products. Particular types of foods eaten by a group depending upon their respective environment. Hunting [ ] Hunting was done primarily by men, although there were sometimes exceptions depending on animal and culture (e.g. Lipan women could help in hunting rabbits and Chiricahua boys were also allowed to hunt rabbits). Apache jug Hunting often had elaborate preparations, such as and religious rituals performed by before and after the hunt. In Lipan culture, since deer were protected by Mountain Spirits, great care was taken in Mountain Spirit rituals in order to ensure smooth deer hunting. Also the slaughter of animals must be performed following certain religious guidelines (many of which are recorded in religious stories) from prescribing how to cut the animals, what prayers to recite, and proper disposal of bones. A common practice among Southern Athabascan hunters was the distribution of successfully slaughtered game. For example, among the Mescalero a hunter was expected to share as much as one half of his kill with a fellow hunter and with needy people back at the camp. Feelings of individuals concerning this practice spoke of social obligation and spontaneous generosity. The most common hunting weapon before the introduction of European guns was the. Various hunting strategies were used. Some techniques involved using animal head masks worn as a disguise. Whistles were sometimes used to lure animals closer. Another technique was the relay method where hunters positioned at various points would chase the prey in turns in order to tire the animal. A similar method involved chasing the prey down a steep cliff. Eating certain animals was taboo. Although different cultures had different taboos, some common examples of taboo animals included bears, peccaries, turkeys, fish, snakes, insects, owls, and coyotes. An example of taboo differences: the black bear was a part of the Lipan diet (although not as common as buffalo, deer, or antelope), but the Jicarilla never ate bear because it was considered an evil animal. Some taboos were a regional phenomena, such as of eating fish, which was taboo throughout the southwest (e.g. In certain Pueblo cultures like the and ) and considered to be snake-like (an evil animal) in physical appearance. The Western Apache hunted deer and mostly in the ideal late fall season. After the meat was smoked into jerky around November, a migration from the farm sites along the stream banks in the mountains to winter camps in the,, and even the Colorado River valleys. The primary game of the Chiricahua was the deer followed by pronghorn. Lesser game included: (but not ), opossums, squirrels, surplus horses, surplus mules, wapiti (elk), wild cattle,. The Mescalero primarily hunted deer. Other animals hunted include:, buffalo (for those living closer to the plains), cottontail rabbits, elk, horses, mules, opossums, pronghorn, wild steers and wood rats. Beavers, minks, muskrats, and weasels were also hunted for their hides and body parts but were not eaten. The principal quarry animals of the Jicarilla were bighorn sheep, buffalo, deer, elk and pronghorn. Other game animals included beaver, bighorn sheep, chief hares, chipmunks, doves, ground hogs, grouse, peccaries, porcupines, prairie dogs, quail, rabbits, skunks, snow birds, squirrels, turkeys and wood rats. Burros and horses were only eaten in emergencies. Minks, weasels, wildcats and wolves were not eaten but hunted for their body parts. The main food of the Lipan was the buffalo with a three-week hunt during the fall and smaller scale hunts continuing until the spring. The second most utilized animal was deer. Fresh was drunk for good health. Other animals included beavers, bighorns, black bears, burros, ducks, elk, fish, horses, mountain lions, mourning doves, mules, prairie dogs, pronghorns, quail, rabbits, squirrels, turkeys, turtles and wood rats. Skunks were eaten only in emergencies. Plains Apache hunters pursued primarily buffalo and deer. Other hunted animals were badgers, bears, beavers, fowls, geese, opossums, otters, rabbits and turtles. Clothing [ ] Influenced by the Plains Indians, Western Apaches wore animal hide decorated with seed beads for clothing. These beaded designs historically resembled that of the Great Basin Paiute and is characterized by linear patterning. Apache beaded clothing was bordered with narrow bands of glass in diagonal stripes of alternating colors. They made buckskin shirts, ponchos, skirts and moccasins and decorated them with colorful beadwork. Undomesticated plants and other food sources [ ]. Related Content Learn more about integrating Shiro into web applications. Step-by-step tutorial for securing a web application with Shiro. Shiro enables sessions for any application environment. Learn more about Shiro's powerful and intuitive permission syntax. Learn how Authentication in Java is performed in Shiro. Learn how Shiro handles access control in Java. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The simplest way to integrate Shiro into any web application is to configure a Servlet ContextListener and Filter in web.xml that understands how to read Shiro’s INI configuration. The bulk of the INI config format itself is defined in the Configuration pages’s section, but we’ll cover some additional web-specific sections here. Using Spring? Spring Framework users will not perform this setup. If you use Spring, you will want to read about instead. Shiro 1.2 and later In Shiro 1.2 and later, standard web applications initialize Shiro by adding the following XML chunks to web.xml: org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoaderListener. ShiroFilter org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.ShiroFilter ShiroFilter /* REQUEST FORWARD INCLUDE ERROR This assumes a Shiro INI file is located at either of the following two locations, using whichever is found first: • /WEB-INF/shiro.ini • shiro.ini file at the root of the classpath. Here is what the above config does: • The EnvironmentLoaderListener initializes a Shiro WebEnvironment instance (which contains everything Shiro needs to operate, including the SecurityManager) and makes it accessible in the ServletContext. If you need to obtain this WebEnvironment instance at any time, you can call WebUtils.getRequiredWebEnvironment(servletContext). • The ShiroFilter will use this WebEnvironment to perform all necessary security operations for any filtered request. • Finally, the filter-mapping definition ensures that all requests are filtered by the ShiroFilter, recommended for most web applications to ensure that any request can be secured. ShiroFilter filter-mapping It is usually desirable to define the `ShiroFilter filter-mapping` before any other `filter-mapping` declarations to ensure that Shiro can function in those filters as well. Custom WebEnvironment Class By default the EnvironmentLoaderListener will create an IniWebEnvironment instance, which assumes Shiro’s INI-based. If you like, you may specify a custom WebEnvironment instance instead by specifying a ServletContext context-param in web.xml: shiroEnvironmentClass com.foo.bar.shiro.MyWebEnvironment This allows you to customize how a configuration format is parsed and represented as a WebEnvironment instance. You could subclass the existing IniWebEnvironment for custom behavior, or support different configuration formats entirely. For example, if someone wanted to configure Shiro in XML instead of INI, they could create an XML-based implementation, e.g. The IniWebEnvironment class expects to read and load INI configuration files. By default, this class will automatically look in the following two locations for the Shiro.ini configuration (in order): • /WEB-INF/shiro.ini • classpath:shiro.ini It will use whichever is found first. However, if you wish to place your config in another location, you may specify that location with another context-param in web.xml: shiroConfigLocations YOUR_RESOURCE_LOCATION_HERE By default, the param-value is expected to be resolvable by the rules defined by ServletContext. For example, /WEB-INF/some/path/shiro.ini But you may also specify specific file-system, classpath or URL locations by using an appropriate resource prefix supported by Shiro’s, for example: • file:/home/foobar/myapp/shiro.ini • classpath:com/foo/bar/shiro.ini • url:Shiro 1.1 and earlier The simplest way to enable Shiro in a 1.1 or earlier web application is to define the IniShiroFilter and specify a filter-mapping: ShiroFilter org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.IniShiroFilter. ShiroFilter /* REQUEST FORWARD INCLUDE ERROR This definition expects your INI configuration to be in a shiro.ini file at the root of the classpath (e.g. If you do not want to place your INI config in /WEB-INF/shiro.ini or classpath:shiro.ini, you may specify a custom resource location as necessary. Add a configPath init-param and specify a resource location: ShiroFilter org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.IniShiroFilter configPath /WEB-INF/anotherFile.ini. Unqualified (schemeless or ‘non-prefixed’) configPath values are assumed to be ServletContext resource paths, resolvable via the rules defined by the ServletContext. ServletContext resource paths - Shiro 1.2+ ServletContext resource paths are available in Shiro 1.2 and later. In 1.1 and earlier, all configPath definitions must specify a classpath:, file: or url: prefix. You may also specify other non- ServletContext resource locations by using classpath:, url:, or file: prefixes indicating classpath, url, or filesystem locations respectively. ConfigPath url. Finally, it is also possible to embed your INI configuration inline in web.xml without using an INI file at all. You do this by using the config init-param instead of configPath: ShiroFilter org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.IniShiroFilter config # INI Config Here. Order Matters! URL path expressions are evaluated against an incoming request in the order they are defined and the FIRST MATCH WINS. For example, let's asume that there are the following chain definitions: /account/** = ssl, authc /account/signup = anon If an incoming request is intended to reach /account/signup/index.html (accessible by all 'anon'ymous users), it will never be handled! The reason is that the /account/** pattern matched the incoming request first and 'short-circuited' all remaining definitions. Always remember to define your filter chains based on a FIRST MATCH WINS policy! The token on the right of the equals sign (=) is comma-delimited list of filters to execute for a request matching that path. It must match the following format: filter1[optional_config1], filter2[optional_config2]., filterN[optional_configN] where: • filterN is the name of a filter bean defined in the [main] section and • [optional_configN] is an optional bracketed string that has meaning for that particular filter for that particular path (per-filter, path-specific configuration!). If the filter does not need specific config for that URL path, you may discard the brackets so filterN[] just becomes filterN. And because filter tokens define chains (aka a List), remember that order matters! Define your comma-delimited list in the order that you want the request to flow through the chain. Finally, each filter is free to handle the response however it wants if its necessary conditions are not met (e.g. Perform a redirect, respond with an HTTP error code, direct rendering, etc). Otherwise it is expected to allow the request to continue through the chain on to the final destination view. Tip Being able to react to path specific configuration, i.e. The [optional_configN] part of a filter token, is a unique feature available to Shiro filters. If you want to create your own javax.servlet.Filter implementation that can also do this, make sure your filter subclasses The ‘pool’ of filters available for use in filter chain definitions are defined in the [main] section. The name assigned to them in the main section is the name to use in the filter chain definitions. For example: [main]. MyFilter = com.company.web.some.FilterImplementation myFilter.property1 = value1. /some/path/** = myFilter When running a web-app, Shiro will create some useful default Filter instances and make them available in the [main] section automatically. You can configure them in main as you would any other bean and reference them in your chain definitions. For example: [main]. # Notice how we didn't define the class for the FormAuthenticationFilter ('authc') - it is instantiated and available already: authc.loginUrl = /login.jsp. # make sure the end-user is authenticated. If not, redirect to the 'authc.loginUrl' above, # and after successful authentication, redirect them back to the original account page they # were trying to view: /account/** = authc. The default Filter instances available automatically are defined by the and the enum’s name field is the name available for configuration. They are: Filter Name Class anon authc authcBasic logout noSessionCreation perms port rest roles ssl user As is the case with any filter chain definition mechanism ( web.xml, Shiro’s INI, etc), you enable a filter just by including it in the filter chain definition, and you disable it by removing it from the chain definition. But a new feature added in Shiro 1.2 is the ability to enable or disable filters without removing them from the filter chain. If enabled (the default setting), then a request will be filtered as expected. If disabled, then the filter will allow the request to pass through immediately to the next element in the FilterChain. You can trigger a filter’s enabled state generally based on a configuration property, or you can even trigger it on a per request basis. This is a powerful concept because it is often more convenient to enable or disable a filter based on certain requirements than to change the static filter chain definition, which would be permanent and inflexible. Shiro accomplishes this via its abstract parent class. All of Shiro’s out-of-the-box Filter implementations subclass this one and therefore are able to be enabled or disabled without removing them from the filter chain. You can subclass this class for your own filter implementations if you need this functionality as well*. * will hopefully enable this feature for any filter, not just those subclassing OncePerRequestFilter. If this is important to you, please vote for the issue. The (and all of its subclasses) supports enabling/disabling across all requests as well as on a per-request basis. General enabling or disabling of a filter for all requests is done by setting its enabled property to true or false. The default setting is true since most filters inherently need to execute if they are configured in a chain. For example, in shiro.ini: [main]. # configure Shiro's default 'ssl' filter to be disabled while testing: ssl.enabled = false [urls]. /some/path = ssl, authc /another/path = ssl, roles[admin]. This example shows that potentially many URL paths can all require that a request must be secured by an SSL connection. Setting up SSL while in development can be frustrating and time consuming. While in development, you can disable the ssl filter. When deploying to production, you can enable it with one configuration property - something that is much easier than manually changing all of the URL paths or maintaining two Shiro configurations. Request-specific Enabling/Disabling OncePerRequestFilter actually determines if the filter is enabled or disabled based on its isEnabled(request, response) method. This method defaults to returning the value of the enabled property, which is used for generally enabling/disabling all requests as mentioned above. If you wanted to enable or disable a filter based on request specific criteria, you can override the OncePerRequestFilter isEnabled(request,response) method to perform more specific checks. Path-specific Enabling/Disabling Shiro’s (a subclass of OncePerRequestFilter has the ability to react to configuration based on a specific path being filtered. This means you can enable or disable a filter based on the path and the path-specific configuration in addition to the incoming request and response. If you need to be able to react to the matching path and the path-specific configuration to determine if a filter is enabled or disabled, instead of overriding OncePerRequestFilter isEnabled(request,response) method, you would override the PathMatchingFilter isEnabled(request,response,path,pathConfig) method instead. In web environments, Shiro’s default session manager implementation is the. This very simple implementation delegates all session management duties (including session clustering if the servlet container supports it) to the runtime Servlet container. It is essentially a bridge for Shiro’s session API to the servlet container and does little else. A benefit of using this default is that apps that work with existing servlet container session configuration (timeout, any container-specific clustering mechanisms, etc) will work as expected. A downside of this default is that you are tied to the servlet container’s specific session behavior. For example, if you wanted to cluster sessions, but you used Jetty for testing and Tomcat in production, your container-specific configuration (or code) would not be portable. If using the default servlet container support, you configure session timeout as expected in your web application’s web.xml file. For example: 30 If you want your session configuration settings and clustering to be portable across servlet containers (e.g. Jetty in testing, but Tomcat or JBoss in production), or you want to control specific session/clustering features, you can enable Shiro’s native session management. The word ‘Native’ here means that Shiro’s own enterprise session management implementation will be used to support all Subject and HttpServletRequest sessions and bypass the servlet container completely. But rest assured - Shiro implements the relevant parts of the Servlet specification directly so any existing web/http related code works as expected and never needs to ‘know’ that Shiro is transparently managing sessions. To enable native session management for your web application, you will need to configure a native web-capable session manager to override the default servlet container-based one. You can do that by configuring an instance of on Shiro’s SecurityManager. For example, in shiro.ini: shiro.ini native web session management [main]. SessionManager = org.apache.shiro.web.session.mgt.DefaultWebSessionManager # configure properties (like session timeout) here if desired # Use the configured native session manager: securityManager.sessionManager = $sessionManager Once declared, you can configure the DefaultWebSessionManager instance with native session options like session timeout and clustering configuration as described in the section. After configuring the DefaultWebSessionManager instance, session timeout is configured as described in The DefaultWebSessionManager supports two web-specific configuration properties: • sessionIdCookieEnabled (a boolean) • sessionIdCookie, a instance. Cookie as a template The sessionIdCookie property is essentially a template - you configure the Cookie instance properties, and this template will be used to set the actual HTTP `Cookie` header at runtime with an appropriate session ID value. The DefaultWebSessionManager’s sessionIdCookie default instance is a. This simple implementation allows JavaBeans-style property configuration for all of the relevant properties you would want to configure on an http Cookie. For example, you could set the Cookie domain: [main]. SecurityManager.sessionManager.sessionIdCookie.domain = foo.com See the for additional properties. The cookie’s default name is JSESSIONID in accordance with the servlet specification. Additionally, Shiro’s cookie supports the flag. The sessionIdCookie sets HttpOnly to true by default for extra security. Note Shiro's Cookie concept supports the HttpOnly flag even in Servlet 2.4 and 2.5 environments (whereas the Servlet API only supports it natively in 2.6 or later). If you do not want session cookies to be used, you can disable their use by configuring the sessionIdCookieEnabled property to false. For example: Disabling native session cookies [main]. SecurityManager.sessionManager.sessionIdCookieEnabled = false Shiro will perform ‘rememberMe’ services if the AuthenticationToken implements the interface. This interface specifies a method: boolean isRememberMe(); If this method returns true, Shiro will remember the end-user’s identity across sessions. Starring: Jeffrey Andersen, Matthew Kevin Anderson, Olivia Cheng, Andrew Francis, Elise Gatien, Jessica Harmon, Greyston Holt, Rebecca Olson Director: Jeffrey Andersen| Length: 80 minutes Genre:| IMDb: Release/Country: 2015/Japan Deeper: The Retribution of Beth (2015) Description: Mark is sent to do a premier article on Steve and John. They decide to take Mark on a ride that, unbeknownst to them, turns into a vicious nightmare. Caught in a revenge plot that’s been brewing for years, Mark tries to escape with his life as our Watch Deeper: The Retribution of Beth (2015) Online Full Movie. ![]() Deeper: The Retribution of Beth. Mark (a journalist from Xice Magazine) is sent to do a premier article on Steve and John (co-creators of XBus & owners of Bang-on. ![]() This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) () With reboots, filmmakers revamp and reinvigorate a in order to attract new fans and stimulate revenue. A reboot can renew interest in a series that has grown stale, and can be met with positive, mixed, or negative results by both consumers and. [ ] Reboots also act as a safe project for a studio, as a reboot with an established fan base is less risky (in terms of expected profit) than an entirely original work, while at the same time allowing the studio to explore new demographics. Reboots also allow directors and producers to cast a new set of younger actors for the familiar roles of a film series in order to attract a younger audience. [ ] Unlike a, however, a reboot often presupposes a working familiarity on the part of the audience with the original work. [ ] Television [ ] In television, a reboot is different from a, in which many of the original cast, storylines, and locales from the original series are retained, whereas a reboot features an entirely new cast and timeline that doesn't take into account anything from the original series. [ ] Video games [ ] Reboots are common in the video game industry, particularly with franchises that have multiple entries in the series. Reboots in video games are used to refresh the storyline and elements of the game. Reboot definition, to restart (a computer) by loading the operating system; boot again. Comic books [ ] In comics, a long-running title may have its continuity erased in order to start over from the beginning, enabling writers to redefine characters and open up new story opportunities, and allowing the title to bring in new readers. Comic books sometimes use an explanation for a reboot, such as merging parallel worlds and timelines together, or destroying and recreating a fictional universe from its beginning. List of reboots in fiction [ ]. • ^ Willits, Thomas R.. Bewildering Stories. Retrieved 20 August 2013. • ^ Parfitt, Orlando (25 August 2009).. Retrieved 20 August 2013. • ^ Norris, Erik (7 March 2013).. Retrieved 20 August 2013. • Billington, Alex (6 October 2008).. Retrieved 20 August 2013. • Lorendiac (16 March 2009).. Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 20 August 2013. • ^ Crisis on Infinite Earths #1-12 (April 1985 – March 1986) • ^ Flashpoint #1-5 (May – September 2011) • Zero Hour: Crisis in Time #4-0 (Sept. — The The first half hour TV cartoon to be, this show is actually set. It was produced by, the same Canadian production house that made, ( ), and several other shows. Premiering in 1994, ReBoot was the story of Mainframe, a city in, and the various 'programs' (people) that lived within. Filled with its own mythology and unique phrases that references a lot of computer terminology, it was a very successful show wherever it was shown. Of particular note was the phenomenal vocal work, and the visual design by renowned artist Brendan McCarthy. In the beginning, the story was primarily about Bob, a Guardian (security program) from 'The Supercomputer' who is assigned to protect the relatively backwoods city of Mainframe. His two main friends are his love interest (and smart businesswoman) Dot Matrix, and her younger (and hyperactive) brother Enzo. He is also aided by the system administrator Phong, who fills the role of a vaguely. The first season introduced the primary villain, the virus Megabyte, who serves as the for almost the entire series. His attempts to take over Mainframe or travel to the supercomputer forms the backbone to most of his plans. He has a 'sister' named Hexadecimal, whom he continually tries to destroy, and who tries to destroy him right back (she describes this as simple 'sibling rivalry'). She is more interested in chaos than actual destruction, so while being vastly more powerful her plans are less focused and are usually less of a concern. A unique feature are her harlequin masks; they will change expression depending on her mood but they remain static, never mouthing out her words. Both viruses had huge fanbases, with Megabyte being a well-drawn. Besides dealing with a power-hungry virus, Bob is there to win the 'games' that are sent by 'The User' (a never really seen entity who fills the equivalent role of their God). The games are purple cubes that descend from the sky and envelope an area of the city. If the user wins the game, that section of the city is 'nullified' and those inside are turned into mindless, energy-draining slug-like creatures called 'nulls.' To combat the User, Bob and his friends must enter the game and 'reboot' themselves into forms adapted to compete within it. Other characters in the show include the inhabitants of Mainframe, mostly binomes, who are shaped like ones and zeroes; the lack of more sprites (Humanoid characters) besides Dot and Enzo was ascribed to the destruction of Mainframe's sister city, which occurred before the start of the series and also killed Dot and Enzo's father. The decision to use simple shapes for background characters resulted from the technological limits of the time, and more human-like characters appeared as the production hardware was upgraded. Midway through the second season, the show discarded its episodic nature and began introducing a long term that reached through the fourth season. New characters like AndrAIa were introduced; she was originally a game character, and became Enzo's. The hacker Mouse appeared several times before settling in as a regular character and resident. As part of the show's growing mythology and story, the Guardians from the Supercomputer proved to be more than previously let on, pushing Mainframe into an uneasy, and after two unexpected losses for the good guys, a had Enzo and AndrAIa grow into young adults as and an. The series ran for three seasons before being canceled in 1998, causing them to let go of a story arc introduced a few episodes earlier and make up a thrown-together. An fourth season premiered in 2001, consisting of two movies: one based on the aforementioned story arc, and a sequel which ended in a more deliberate. The story was to be continued in, before those plans were scrapped. A continuation would come in 2008, in the form of an official webcomic released on. In 2013 a was, titled: the Guardian Code. In 2015 later revealed it would be a CGI/Live-Action hybrid show where battle the forces of Megabyte and the Sourcerer as they unleash mega-virus monsters to attack electronic systems. In March 2017, a photo has been shown in. Reception is. WARNING: Incoming Tropes •: The mentions that Bob intends to learn about The User and why he plays the games. This is never addressed in the show and the line about the User is dropped from later versions of the narration. •: Mainframe has one that's large enough for a group to maneuver through at high speeds on zipboards. It's also used as an emergency shelter once. •: AndrAIa from season 3 onward, and Mouse. Dot can hold her own, but prefers to make battle plans and direct forces instead of doing the fighting herself when she has the option. •: 'Wizards, Warriors, And A Word From Our Sponsor' focuses on Mike The TV, giving him a touch of and letting him be a hero for once. •: Megabyte and Hexadecimal. He covers his violence with suave sophistication, she just never seems to actually bear anybody any ill will, she is just. Megabyte becomes more and eventually just a sadistic, gloating monster. Hex does a by the end of season 3. • Daemon as well. She's just so sweet and innocent. •: Nearly every episode is chock-filled with references to popular films, but done in such a way that it helped propel the storyline instead of wallowing in the parody. Among them include,,, the film series and. •: Megabyte takes over the Principal Office three times. •: An in-universe example. Anytime the characters have to play a game that involves heroes and villains, they are often always played on the villains side, wheras the User always plays a hero they have to stop from winning. Once a game is beaten by the User, the section the cube occupied is destroyed and the people in them turned into Nulls. Played straight when one of the game avatars, the user plays that Enzo and AndrAIa has to kill off is •: Sprites and viruses can come in any colour. An extra appears once who has striped skin. •: AndrAIa is a beautiful, lithe woman who after they see her kicking ass in combat. Captain Capacitor actually comments that her boldness and bravery are part of what would make her so hard to lose. •: Mike the TV. For only ninety-nine, ninety-nine, ninety-nine! •: The fate of a sprite or binome who is nullified in a game. •: Hexadecimal's Medusa virus turned everyone in Mainframe to stone except herself, and Bob who turned out to be immune. She clearly did not consider how boring everything would be, and immediately cancels the virus when Bob reminds her that she's the reason why everything is this way. •: A unique variation. Hack and Slash actually considered that with Bob gone, there was no one to stop them from doing anything too bad. Hack and Slash are overjoyed when Bob returns, as if they were always friends to begin with. •: Deconstructed. Enzo grows from a whiny, naive young sprite into the big, tough badass Matrix, but everybody keeps telling him how being a big, tough badass does not compensate for being an arrogant, pompous jerk, and his hotheaded actions put AndrAIa, the love of his life, in mortal danger. A recurring theme of season three is the fact that, for all his efforts to reunite with his family and Mainframe, they would be disgusted and repulsed by what he has become. •: The Web creatures' appearance in Nullzilla marked the very first multi-episode story arc of ReBoot, and it lead directly into the following four episodes and, by extension, all of season three, but it was originally a random event within the story and isolated from other plotlines. However, in The Episode With No Name of season three it is revealed that Daemon, a supervirus that would become the of season four, deliberately sent the Web creature to Mainframe as part of her to infect the entire Net. •: Enzo does this in Megabyte's fortress in Season 1. •: Midway through Season 2 they had a hardware upgrade that allowed more fluid and naturalistic movements, such as shoulders swaying forwards and backwards while walking (before the most expressive movement was Hexadecimal's ). Season 3 jumped forward with textures like eyelashes and background items, as well as shadows (You would be surprised how much you miss them). Season 4 had a much more realistic sense of weight, instead being either too fast or too slow when jumping around. • The regular Bob design changed in the fourth season, largely giving him sharper cheekbones that could rival. It's possible the reason was that Glitch-Bob had the scales but normal Bob was not that different facially from Matrix (besides the and ). • Minor changes to all character designs occurred throughout the life of the show, largely to accommodate the better hardware. More naturalistic motion came from more naturalistic anatomy design for the characters. In season three both Dot and Mouse as a result of making their chests more rounded rather than triangular, Dot herself having a 'monoboob' up until then. The first episode of season three even had her reboot inside a game as an of, and all. •: Hack and Slash became this around season 3 as the show started to become. After that point they were pretty much just kept around for easy comic relief and because, frankly, it's hard to imagine the show without them. •: In 'Enzo the Smart,' the colors and shading gets primitive when Enzo changes the clock speed of Mainframe when he tries to become twice as smart as everybody else. It doesn't affect Enzo, and he even comments on it. Enzo: Dude, everything's gone 8-bit! • In a fourth season episode they encounter a game that has them reboot into characters. Before they reboot it has them personally in normal CG shading with the background cel shaded, which makes it a bit of a. •: Frequently. •: Ian Pearson was one of the creators of the show, a character sharing his name happened to be one of the biggest in Mainframe. •: Hexadecimal definitely counts for this. •: AndrAIa and Ray get one of these moments in Return of the Crimson Binome, much to Matrix's annoyance. •: 'We could either do this the hard way, or my way!' •: Old Man Pearson AKA Codemaster Talon. •: Seen in the two-part episode 'Identity Crisis,' the first episode to become than the normal lighthearted tone of the series. •: Megabyte scores several major victories at various points, one without even trying. •: Multiple one-off costumes within the games, but some characters had it for their standard outfit. • AndrAIa after the time skip. • The female Guardian in 'The Episode With No Name.' •: 'Medusa Bug' revolves around different Gambits by different characters. Hex prepared the bug itself in utter secrecy, denying its very existence every step of the way, letting nothing leak of her preparations; she knew it would drive Megabyte crazy and that he would stop at nothing to steal it. He does precisely that and becomes the Bug's first victim, just as Hex intended. After Hex has essentially won, Bob, with no allies left standing, can only fix the Medusa Bug by using Hex's obsession with chaos against her. •: AndrAIa and Matrix. They met on the shows equivalent of a battlefield, and they have been watching each others backs ever since. They even frequently flirt while kicking the User's butt in games. •: Cyrus has a small goatee. •: Not the norm for Bob and Dot's relationship, but the season one episode The TIFF featured them bickering and arguing to such an extent that their hidden feelings became all the more apparent. •: • Played with in 'Talent Night.' Bob gives the command for a 'BFG' and Glitch transforms into a Big Friggin' Guitar. In the Playstation game, Glitch turns into an actual BFG. • ◊ in 'Web World Wars.' She wonders if it makes her look 'too butch.' •: The leader of the Web Riders carries a sword so big he can actually knock out the main guns of the Saucy Mare. •: Megabyte, always and forever. Daemon steals the spotlight for a short time, but it doesn't take long for Megs to grab it back in truly monstrous fashion. •: There is a map of the entire city of Mainframe in the Principal Office, which Dot and Phong use to coordinate their war against Megabyte. •: Right when the Web Riders are about to slaughter everyone on the Saucy Mare (Yes, even Matrix) Bob shows up and orders the Web Riders to stop. Having previously gained the Web Riders' trust and friendship, it works. •: • Bob and Dot in the season three finale. • Mouse and Ray, during the reconstruction of Mainframe, lampshaded by Ray afterwards. 'What a way to go.' •: • At the beginning of the show, Phong. The torch later goes to. •.Dot, even more than Bob (). When Bob is lost in the Web and Enzo is fighting games, heralded as the savior and protector of Mainframe, it is explicitly stated that these are essentially small-scale battles and Dot needs to stay out of them because she is the one person who is able to counter-act Megabyte on a large-scale setting. •: Used extremely effectively by numerous characters, who utter them at moments of great personal loss throughout the series. •: AndrAIa reboots into a literal on numerous occasions, and retains a fascination with motorcycles and hover-bikes throughout the entire series. Megabyte: 'Oh, just some, ah, colleagues, to make my visit, shall we say, comfortable.' •: Post-Daemon Glitch-Bob. His powers aren't needed anymore and they will eventually kill him, and he doesn't look 'normal' enough to compete with the other Bob for Dot's affection. •: Megabyte infects and controls whatever binomes fall within his power. Later, every resident of Mainfraime succumbs to this because of Daemon; also has traces of in it as well. •: The occasional, but most blatantly the following moment. It's an infinite data ELSE/IF loop.' What does that mean?' RUN LIKE YOU'VE NEVER RUN BEFOOOOOOOOOORE!' •: • Matrix hates Ray Tracer right from the start because. Well, because he does. Before Ray and AndrAIa began their lite flirting, before Ray attached himself as a member of the Saucy Mare, before he had done anything except ask to be freed from a prison cell, Matrix promises to kill him the next time they meet. •: Subverted. When the threat of the Web arrives in season two, but instead of putting their current conflict on hold until the greater threat is past Megabyte betrays Bob during the fight, using the situation to finally make a change in the long, drawn-out struggle over Mainframe. •: Later seasons firmly establish that nothing can penetrate the outer wall of a game cube. However, in 'Identity Crisis (Part 2)' Phong was Bob and Dot's progress in the game and later entered the game himself. This is never reconciled and promptly ignored. •: Dot to Enzo, so very much. •: Done incidentally via the, anything done in flashback looks so much more advanced and dynamic than the early seasons. This also applies to the games, Pantsu Hebi X in season 4 is among the most advanced looking games in the series (being cell-shaded and having better animations than earlier seasons), despite the fact that Matrix says it was already an old game when he was a kid. •: Matrix describes himself as a 'Renegade' and never received any training at the supercomputer academy, even though his programming includes the Guardian protocol. •: In an episode that marked the beginning of in ReBoot, 'Nullzilla,' Phong just happened to have a plan to deal with an out-of-control Godzilla-sized villain/Null amalgamation-thing running amok. It involved and an extended parody of,, and. This was appropriately. Phong: 'Ah, lucky guess?' • Later in the episode, Phong tells them to finish the monster with a weapon, but realizes that it is still in its glass case. The case reads 'IN CASE OF GIANT NULL MONSTER THREATENING CITY — BREAK GLASS' • An aversion was played for laughs with the aforementioned Medusa Bug; normally either Bob, Glitch or Phong had a solution to any problems of the week, but when confronted with the Medusa Bug, all they could produce was a simple erase command. It worked for all about twelve seconds before the bug resumed doing what it was suppose to do. • Bob eventually defeats Hex by confronting her and pointing out that once her plan is complete, there will be nothing left but eternal, unending silence.? •: Hexadecimal's mask can change expression, but only when offscreen (or behind her hand). This gets really unsettling when her personality goes from 'cracked' to 'broken;' she can have a sad frown on and be cozying up to someone, and be one flash-frame perspective-switch away from a horrible glare, fangs, and death threats. •: Vehicular version. The Megatruck and a large grounded airplane on wheels are driving towards each other in a narrow canyon () and a collision is inevitable and it looks like both vehicles are going to be destroyed. The Megatruck plows right though the airplane without slowing down and proceeds to run over the mooks on motorbikes right behind it. The Megatruck is not damaged at all and just keeps on trucking. •: Young AndrAIa counts for this, then as adult she becomes a mix of this and. •: The series ends with series villain Megabyte back from the dead and taking control of the control center of Megaframe, with the intention of hunting down and killing the heroes for sport. That's the end of the show. Note This may end up being averted, as there's a new series tentatively being developed, but there's been mixed messages about whether it's a continuation or a reimagining •: A variation in that the series has the actual computer data/programs/whatnot as the characters, with the 'User' as the only sign of humans existing. •: The one binomes all only have one eye. •: The end of season three (which was intended to be the series finale) caps off with a musical act that summarizes the plot. Set to, to boot. •: From the end of Season 2 on. A surprisingly effective execution, partially because the darker third season did not have the same limits of as in the first two seasons. •: In the web, AndrAIa is dying. Matrix, Surfer and the crew of Saucy Mare are being boarded by Web Riders. Our heroes are subdued despite putting up a good fight. •: Matrix has a literal one of these after the time skip; his cybernetic eye is tied into his gun and has a target-lock function. • Dot, his sister, is no slouch at letting either Enzo or Bob know that she is not one to mess with! • •: Megabyte does this on occasion, usually to sit in his. •: Invoked by Bob at the end of the third season. Mainframe was torn to shreds and there was no possible way to repair the city. When a game arrives, Bob formulates a risky where a lost game would force a total system crash and the User would reboot the entire city. The risky part was whether or not the User would do a system restoration rather than a complete reformatting. •: Used to prevent Glitch-Bob from Megabyte in Showdown. He is dealing with Hexadecimal for most of the episode. •: Standard Guardian Protocol for dealing with Web creatures in systems like Mainframe: Destroy the system with a nuke stand-in and take the Web creature with it. Bonus points for the nuke being small enough to be disguised as a communication device for the unaware bomb smuggler. In fairness, it's less overkill than it sounds; a creature like the one they were dealing with is very dangerous, can reproduce rapidly, and can spread to other systems under its own power. •: The User in his(?) many fo. |
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